ADVANCED LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY (879)
Zoology/Forest/Botany 879
Monica G. Turner
Texts [Available
at University Bookstore or on Amazon.com]
Turner, M.
G., R. H. Gardner, and R. V. O’Neill.
2001. Landscape ecology in theory
and practice. Springer-Verlag, New York.
This will be used as background material
and also for the quantitative analyses component of the course.
Gergel, S. E. and M. G. Turner, editors. 2002. Learning landscape ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. This book will be used for our lab exercises.
Friday, January 25 – Scope of landscape
ecology, conceptual issues, scale, foundations
Background for lecture:
Turner, M.
G. 2005.
Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and
Systematics. [My perspective on the more
recent progress in landscape ecology.]
For discussion—some recent perspectives on
L.E. from different angles:
Kent, M. 2007.
Biogeography and landscape ecology. Progress in Physical Geography 31:345-355.
[Perspectives from a British geographer.]
Fu, B-j and Y-h
Lu. 2006. The progress and perspectives of landscape ecology in China. Progress
in Physical Geography 30:232-244. [Much
of the literature from China is not in English, thus this paper provides a
valuable insight into the rapid development of landscape ecology in China.]
Wednesday, January 30 – Causes of
landscape pattern
Black, A. E., P.
Morgan, and P. F. Hessburg. 2003. Social and biophysical correlates of change
in forest landscapes of the interior Columbia Basin, USA. Ecological Applications 13(1):51-67. [Reflects the current trend toward
examining a wide range of factors associated with or predictive of landscape
change, particularly with human land uses.]
Ernoult, A., S
Freire-Diaz, E. Langlois and D. Alard. 2006. Are similar landscapes the results
of similar histories? Landscape Ecology 21:631-639. [Makes the point that similar sites could have developed from different
histories, and similarly, similar initial patterns could produce different
trajectories.]
Schulte, L. A.,
D. J. Mladenoff, T. R. Crow, Laura C. Merrick, and D. T. Cleland. 2007. Homogenization of northern U.S. Great Lakes
forests due to land use. Landscape
Ecology 22:1089-1103. [What about when
some drivers cause a reduction, rather than an increase, in spatial
heterogeneity?]
Friday, February 1 – Landscape ecology
comes of age (extended discussion)
SPECIAL FEATURE—LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY. 2005.
Ecology 86(8):1965-2017. [This
special feature was designed to present the current state of landscape ecology,
focusing on a selected set of issues.]
Fortin, M-J
and A. A. Agrawal. 2005. Landscape ecology comes of age. Ecology 86:1965–1966.
Turner, M. G. 2005.
Landscape ecology in North America: past, present and future. Ecology 86:1967–1974.
Wagner, H. H. and M-J Fortin. 2005. Spatial analysis of landscapes:
concepts and statistics. Ecology
86:1975–1987.
Bélisle, M. 2005.
Measuring landscape connectivity: the challenge of behavioral landscape
ecology. Ecology 86:1988–1995.
Urban, D. L. 2005. Modeling ecological processes across
scales. Ecology 86:1996–2006.
Jackson, S. T. 2006.
Vegetation, environment and time: the origination and termination of
ecosystems. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:547-557.
Baker R.G., E. A. Bettis, D. P. Schwert, D. G. Horton, C. A. Chumbley, L. A. Gonzalez, and M. K. Reagan. 1996. Holocene paleoenvironments of northeast Iowa. Ecological Monographs 66 (2): 203-234. [Landscapes change a lot over long time periods; understanding of these changes comes from paleoecological studies, this being an excellent example from the Midwest.]
Faison, E. K., D. R. Foster,
W. W. Oswald, B. C. S. Hansen and E Doughty. 2006. Early Holocene openlands in
southern New England. Ecology 87:2537-2547. [Recent paper from the Harvard Forest research team addressing a
particular element of the landscape and providing the long-term context for
understanding its occurrence.]
Wednesday, February 13 – Quantifying
pattern
Good background:
Li, H., and J. F.
Reynolds. 1995. On definition and quantification of
heterogeneity. Oikos 73:280-284. [Nice conceptual treatment of heterogeneity;
older paper, but good food for thought on what is being quantified.]
Gustafson, E. J. 1998. Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: What is the state of the art? Ecosystems 1:143-156. [Relatively recent article addressing spatial analyses recognizing both categorical and continuous measures.]
Teixido, N., J.
Garrabou, J. Gutt and W. E. Arntz.
2007. Iceberg disturbance and
successional spatial patterns: the case of the shelf Antarctic benthic
communities. Ecosystems 10:142-157. [Nice
example of an more unusual landscape in which landscape metrics are applied,
and also an example of taking a multivariate analysis approach to multiple
metrics.]
Dorner, B., K.
Lertzman and J. Fall. 2002. Landscape
pattern in topographically complex landscapes: issues and techniques for
analysis. Landscape Ecology 17:729-743. [Recent
paper addresses some of the challenges associated with applying landscape
metrics.]
Fall, A., M.-J.
Fortin, M. Manseau, and D. O’Brien. 2007. Spatial graphs: principles and
applications for habitat connectivity. Ecosystems 10:448-461. [Thinking outside the patch: spatial
application of graph theory, offering a different perspective on spatial
pattern analysis with a sample application.]
Wednesday, February 20 – Quantifying
pattern, cont’d
Wu, J. 2004. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations. Landscape Ecology 19:125-138. [Recent paper dealing with effects of scale change on landscape metrics; there is a larger body of literature, and this is an important practical consideration for all studies using landscape metrics.]
Fortin, M-J, B. Boots, F. Csillag and T. K. Remmel. 2003. On the role of spatial stochastic models in understanding landscape indices. Oikos 102:203-212. [Lays out an approach for interpreting landscape metrics numerically.]
Remmel TK, F. Csillag. 2003. When are two
landscape pattern indices significantly different? J. Geograph. Syst. 5:331-351.
[Addresses the key issue of statistical
significance when comparing metrics, which has been problematic in many
studies.]
Cardille, J. A., M. G. Turner, M. Clayton, S. Price, and S. E.
Gergel. 2005. METALAND: Characterizing spatial patterns and statistical
context of landscape metrics.
BioScience 55:983-988. [Presents a
framework for examining the spatial pattern of metric values, along with
multivariate approaches.]
Wednesday, February 27 – Spatial
statistics
Bolstad, PV, Swank W, Vose J. 1998. Predicting Southern Appalachian overstory vegetation with digital terrain data. Landscape Ecology 13:271-283. [Uses both spatial stats and other predictive models to extrapolate forest community composition to the landscape of Coweeta; nice comparison of some different methods.]
Murwira A, and Skidmore A. K.
2005. The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a
Southern African agricultural landscape. Landscape Ecology 20:217-234. [Somewhat lengthy, but illustrates use of
semivariograms to examine relationship between animals and habitat.]
Mayor, S. J., J.
A. Schaefer, D. C. Schneider and S. P. Mahoney. 2007. Spectrum of selection:
new approaches to detecting the scale-dependent response to habitat. Ecology
88:1634-1640. [Habitat selection has been
a major theme in organism-landscape studies for several years; this is an
example of a sophisticated scale-dependent approach using spatial statistics.]
Wednesday, March 5 – Landscape models
Perry, G. L. W.
and N. J. Enright. 2006. Spatial modeling
of vegetation change in dynamic landscapes: a review of methods and
applications. Progress in Physical Geography 30:47-72. [Nice recent review of landscape models.]
Strayer DL, Ewing HA, Bigelow S. 2003. What kind of spatial
and temporal details are required in models of heterogeneous systems? Oikos 102:654-62. [Excellent treatment of the issues associated with introducing spatial
complexity into models.]
Gardner, R. H.
and D. L. Urban. 2007. Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses. Landscape
Ecology 22:15-29. [Gardner was lead
author of the original neutral landscape model paper; this is a nice summary of
the current state of those models.]
Minor, E. S. and
D. L. Urban. 2007. Graph theory as a proxy for spatially explicit population
models in conservation planning. Ecology 17:1771-1782. [Urban has been a key contributor to new quantitative approaches in
landscape ecology, and this is a type of model quite different from many that
you will read about.]
Wednesday, March 12 – Disturbance and landscapes
Leroux, S. J., F.
K. A. Schmiegelow, R. B. Lessard and S. G. Cumming. 2007. Minimum dynamic
reserves: a framework for determining reserve size in ecosystems structured by
large disturbances. Biological Conservation 138:464-473. [Recent paper continuing the discussion of reserve design in the face of
disturbance, and approaches that integrate across a wide variety of disturbance
types.]
Kulakowski, D. and T. T. Veblen.
2007. Effect of prior disturbances on the extent and severity of wildfire in
Colorado subalpine forests. Ecology 88:759-769. [Interaction between multiple disturbances, which is just starting to
get some reasonable attention.]
Allen, C. D.
2007. Interactions across spatial scales among forest dieback, fire, and
erosion in northern New Mexico landscapes. Ecosystems 10:797-808. [Consideration
of interactions among disturbances, considered in the context of cross-scale
interactions.]
Friday, March 14 – Landscape ecology,
climate change, disease (extended discussion)
[This is an emerging
area focused on how spatial heterogeneity can affect disease incidence in
plants, animals and people. Literature is developing in both the ecological
arena and also the epidemiology arena.]
Ostfeld, R. S.,
G. E. Glass and F. Keesing. 2006.
Spatial epidemiology: an emerging (or re-emerging) discipline. TREE
20(6):328-336.
Holdenrieder, O.,
M. Pautasso, P. J. Weisberg and D. Lonsdale.
2004. Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape
pathology. TREE 19(8):446-452.
Plantegenest, M., C. Le May, and
F. Fabre. 2007. Landscape epidemiology of plant diseases. J. R. Soc. Interface
4:963-972.
Despommier D, Ellis BR, Wilcox
BA. 2006. The role of ecotones in emerging infectious diseases. Ecohealth 3(4):
281-289.
Brownstein, J. S., D. K. Skelly,
T. R. Holford, and D. Fish. 2005. Forest fragmentation predicts local scale
heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk. Oecologia 146:469-475.
Jackson LE, Hilborn ED, Thomas
JC. 2006. Towards landscape design guidelines for reducing Lyme disease risk.
International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (2): 315-322.
Wednesday, March 26 – Organisms and
landscapes
Murphy, H.T. and J. Lovett-Doust. 2004. Context and
connectivity in plant metapopulations and landscape mosaics: does the matrix
matter? Oikos 105:3-14. [It isn’t just the patches that are
important! Also a nice comparison of metapopulation and landscape approaches.]
Henry, M., J-M.
Pons and J-F. Cosson. 2007. Foraging behavior of a frugivorous bat helps
bridge landscape connectivity and ecological processes in a fragmented
rainforest. Journal of Animal Ecology 76:801-813. [Recent paper with an organism-specific functional approach to landscape
connectivity; tropical; integrates measures of landscape with movement data.]
Wednesday, April 2 – Spatial
heterogeneity and ecosystem processes
Jenerette,
D. G. and J. Wu. 2004. Interactions of ecosystem processes with spatial
heterogeneity in the puzzle of nitrogen limitation. Oikos 107:273-282. [Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemical
processes—causes, consequences, scales of variability, etc.—is still in its
infancy. This paper attempts to link spatial patterns to N cycing.]
Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, et
al. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community
composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests.
Forest Ecology and Management 236:177-192. [Comparing
the relative effects of different factors on soil processes in forests.]
Bennett EM,
Carpenter SR, Clayton MK. 2005. Soil phosphorus variability: scale-dependence
in an urbanizing agricultural landscape. Landscape Ecology 20: 389-400. [Local example for the Lake Mendota
watershed, where P is the element of importance in land-lake interactions.]
Burcher, C. L.,
H. M. Valett and E. F. Benfield. 2007.
The land-cover cascade: relationships coupling land and water. Ecology 88:228-242. [Connecting the dots from land-cover change, as it interacts with other
abiotic factors, to adjacent stream systems; also lays out some new approaches
for analysis.]
Wednesday, April 16 – Applied landscape ecology (invasives, land-use
change)
With, K. A. 2002. The landscape ecology of invasive spread. Conservation Biology 16:1192-1203. [Conceptual paper using neutral landscape models to reason through the implications of landscape structure for the spread of an invasive species.]
Kumar, S., T. J.
Stohlgren and G. W. Chong. 2006. Spatial heterogeneity influences native and
nonnative plant species richness. Ecology 87:3186-3199. [Nice
paper showing that incorporation of landscape variables always improved the
models.]
Pejchar L, Morgan PM,
Caldwell MR, et al. 2007. Evaluating the potential for conservation
development: Biophysical, economic, and institutional perspectives.
Conservation Biology 21: 69-78. [Draws in
part on lessons from landscape ecology to examine alternative development
patterns and effects on biodiversity.]
Lindenmayer, D.,
R. J. Hobbs, R. Montague-Drake, and many others. 2008. A checklist for
ecological management of landscapes for conservation. Ecology Letters 11:78-91.
[Includes some of the leading landscape
ecologists in Australia, nice synthesis of landscape concepts and their
application to conservation.]
Friday, April 18 – Emerging directions
(landscape ecology and ecosystem services)
Cumming GS. 2007. Global
biodiversity scenarios and landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology 22: 671-685.
Kreme, C., N. M. Williams, M. A.
Aizen and 17 other authors. 2007. Pollination and other ecosystem services
produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of
land-use change. Ecology Letters 10:299-314.
Swift, M. G.,
A.-M. N. Izac, and M. van Noordwijk.
2004. Biodiversity and ecosystem
services in agricultural landscapes–are we asking the right questions?
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104:113-134.
Tscharntke, T.,
A. M. Klein, A. Kruess, I. Steffan-Dewenter and C. Thies. 2005. Landscape perspectives on agricultural
intensification and biodiversity—ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters
8:857-874.
Wednesday, April 23 – Emerging
directions (landscape genetics)
Manel, S., M. K. Schwartz, G. Luikart and P. Taberlet. 2003. Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:189-197. [The recent developments in genetics offer an enormous opportunity to evaluate factors like relatedness and dispersal patterns in landscapes. This has really taken off among ecologists in Europe.]
Holderegger, R.
and H. H. Wagner. 2006. A brief guide to landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology
21:793-796. [Introduction to a special
feature.]
Hoderegger, R., U.
Kamm and F. Gugerli. 2006. Adaptive vs. neutral genetic diversity: implications
for landscape genetics. Landscape Ecology 21:797-807. [Explanations of the genetics that work well for landscape ecologists.]
Storfer, A., M. A.
Murphy, J. S. Evans, C. S. Goldberg, S. Robinson, S. F. Spear, R. Dezzani, E.
Delmelle, L. Vierling and L. P. Watts. 2007. Putting the ‘landscape’ in
landscape genetics. Heredity 98:128-142. [Highlighting
the spatial developments that are relevant for genetics, and what might develop
from the merger.]
Friday, April 25 – Future directions
TO BE ANNOUNCED.